aes? Am Sn HAMPSHIR 2 
~__INTER-LIBRARY 

} 1) i, = - CENTER 
| Be hartc NOTES 
AND MONOGRAPHS 


[)) THECOINAGROF THE (A 
_ MEXICAN St a: 
; g CP 


cs nie 4 

A ae Sane 

BY 7 Gh Cag 
x ye 


ae We tee 8 


Ss, 
aa 
* 


; THE AMERICAN NUMISMATIC SOCIETY 
BROADWAY AT 156TH STREET 
NEW YORE 
1928 


PUBLICATIONS 


The American Journal of Numismatics, 
1866-1920. 


Monthly, May, 1866-April, 1870 
Quarterly, July, 1870-October, 1912. 
_ Annually, 1913-1920. 


With many plates, illustrations, maps and tables 
‘Less than a dozen complete sets of the Jour- 
nal remain on hand. Prices on application. 


The numbers necessary to complete broken sets 
may in most cases be obtained. An index to 
the first fifty volumes has been issued as part 
of Volume LI. It may also be purchased 
separately for $3.00. 


The American Numismatic Society. Catalogue — 
of the International Exhibition of Contempo-- 
rary Medals. March, 1910. New and revised 
edition. New York. IQII. xxxvi, 412 

pages, 512 illustrations. $10.00. 


The American Numismatic Society. Exhibition 
‘of United States and Colonial Coins. I914. 
vii, 134 pages, 40 plates. $1.00. 


wee fo MA TIC 
NOTES AND MONOGRAPHS 


NuMISMATIC NOTES AND MONOGRAPHS 
is devoted to essays and treatises on sub- 
jects relating to coins, paper money, 
medals and decorations, and is uniform 
with Hispanic Notes and Monographs 
published by the Hispanic Society of 
America, and with Indian Notes and 
Monographs issued by the Museum of the 


American Indian—Heye Foundation. 


PUBLICATION COMMITTEE 


-Acnes BALDWIN Brett, Chairman 
W. Gepney Beatty 

Henry Russet, Drowne 

Joun REILty, Jr. 


EDITORIAL STAFF 


SypNEY Puiiip Noe, Editor 
Howxanp Woon, Associate Editor 


THE COINAGE OF THE 
MEXICAN REVOLUTIONISTS 


BY fo) 
HOWLAND WOOD in 
g 

e) 

Pee 

QR, 


THE AMERICAN NUMISMATIC SOCIETY 
BROADWAY AT 156TH STREET 
NEW YORK 
1928 


ceehhtaty 


< 
4 
4 
% 
‘ 
& 
« 


| THE AMERICA 


. 


Ni 


atf~ 


- 
f 
& 


Ky. w 


4 


MA 9 & ‘ 


THE COINAGE OF THE MEXICAN 
REVOLUTIONISTS 


IQI3-I917 
By HowLanp Woop 


PREFACE TO 1928 EDITION 


In 1921 the monograph on ‘‘The Mexican Revolu- 
tionary Coinage’’ appeared. This was the first 
description of these coins and at that time compara- 
tively little was known about them. What informa- 
tion was then available was from residents in 
Mexico, travelers returned from Mexico, and a few 
collectors. Since then a number of collectors in 
this country and a few in Mexico have specialized 
upon and studied this series, and it is to these 
workers that I am largely indebted for the new 
material in this edition. 

When the first monograph was published it was 
felt that the list of pieces was far from complete 
and time has proved this. The earlier edition 
contained seventy-five numbers—in this present- 
ment one hundred and eighty major varieties are 
described. It was at first planned to add a supple- 
ment, but for clarity and for convenience to the 
collector it was decided to rearrange the whole 
series. New numbers have been given the descrip- 


I 


2 THE COINAGE OF THE 


_tions but the old numbers of the first monograph 
. follow-the new number in parenthesis. The weights 
of the silver and gold pieces are given, as before, 
in grammes and grains. 

It will be noted that the chief additions fall in the 
copper Durango and Zapata series. These baser 
coins were for the most part issued after the silver 
coins, and clearly reflect ‘either the increasing 
scarcity of silver bullion, or the depreciation of the 
currency. A few errors which had crept into the 
initial monograph have been corrected in this 
edition. 

Although the cabinet of The American Numis- 
matic Society contains many of the pieces described, 
without the generosity and kindness of the collectors 
of this series this new material would not have been 
available. The writer wishes again to thank his 
several friends, who have .been almost copartners 
in this work. I wish to acknowledge especially 
my indebtedness to Dr. Everardo Landa of Mexico 
City; Mr. E. Z. Little of Seattle, Washington; 
Mr. H. L. Hill of San Francisco, California; Mr. 
Farran Zerbe of Tyrone, Pennsylvania, as well 
as to Mr. Julius Guttag, Mr. Frank I. Liveright, 
and Mr. F. C. C. Boyd of New York; Mr. George 
F. Brown of Chicago; Mr. L. W. Hoffecker of El 
Paso, Texas; Mr. O. P. Eklund of Spokane, Wash- 
ington, and the Reverend A. D. Chaurand of New 
York City. 

Most of the Revolutionary coins may be termed 
scarce—and many are really rare. A few are 


MEXICAN REVOLUTIONISTS 3 


known by one specimen only. No especial attempt 
has been made to give the degree of rarity but a 
general statement has been made when thought 
best. In the description, where no especial acknowl- 
edgement is given, the piece is in The American Nu- 
mismatic Society’s collection or is common to most 
collections. In several instances where a piece is 
noted as being in a certain collection, the reference is 
to the piece illustrated, although examples may be 
in other cabinets. No attempt has been made to 
describe or number each minor variety, especially 
where the purpose was to make identical dies. The 
aim has been to over-illustrate rather than to show a 
few main types—and it is hoped that in cases where ~ 
the reproductions are none too clear the reader 
will be indulgent, as the photographs were gathered 
from many sources and were made under varying 
conditions during the past seven years. 


INTRODUCTION 


War in its various phases has always had its 
influence on coinage; mints have changed hands or 
new mints have operated, new types or denomina- 
tions have resulted, while special coinages, either 
necessity or emergency, have come out during such 
periods of unusual disturbance or stress. The by- 
gone coinage of Europe well attests this fact. The 
money of North and South America has frequently 
been influenced by war and political disturbances. 

Ever since the recent revolutionary era began 


4 THE COINAGE OF THE 


in Mexico, and there were prospects that coins 
might be issued, it has been the endeavor of The 
American Numismatic Society to obtain specimens 
of such coins and the data concerning them. The 
necessity of collecting all possible information and 
specimens at the time, while events were fresh and 
the coins could be acquired, was especially borne in 
mind. This decision was made chiefly because of 
the lack of knowledge concerning that previous 
series of crudely struck coins and counterstamped 
pieces, issued in Mexico by both the Patriots and 
Royalists during the War of Independence between 
1810 and 1822. Then, unfortunately, and for a 
long time afterwards, little attention was paid to 
these early pieces, and not much pertinent and 
interesting information concerning them remains 
today, or if it does, it has not been resurrected for 
the numismatic fraternity. Although we have much 
knowledge and data concerning the extensive coinage 
of Morelos, the Commander of the Army of the 
South, there is much more we do not know. We 
have the coinage of General Vargas, struck at 
Sombrerete in Zacatecas, but numismatists know 
little about this man or his coinage. Also there are 
the various issues struck by the Royalists and the 
Central Junta, and the many counterstamped 
pieces, the product of the time, of which for the 
most part we are ignorant as to details. This is 
especially regrettable as these pieces would, with 
more information, be as interesting as any similar 
series issued in Europe. 


MEXICAN REVOLUTIONISTS 5 


Without attempting to trace the history of the 
present revolution or, rather, series of revolutions, 
we can see that the unrest in Mexico, which had 
been quietly slumbering for a number of years, had 
its beginning about 1910 when General Porfirio 
Diaz was elected president for the eighth time. 
Although the old gentleman was alive to the 
mutterings of discontent, he was overpersuaded by 
his advisers to continue his presidency. In Novem- 
ber of that year the revolution started under the 
leadership of Sefior Francisco Madero. Diaz had 
to leave Mexico in May, tog11, and, after a short 
period of provisional government, Madero became 
president. His rule was short-lived and lasted 
from November 6, 1911, until February 13, 1913, 
when within a few days after a coup d’etat he was 
murdered. During the next month rebellions again 
broke out in the North under the command of Gen- 
erals Carranza and Villa, although some time before 
there had been in the South, where Zapata and his 
followers were strong, a very decided opposition to 
any of the existing governments. 

During these first two years, events moved 
quickly, which resulted in many changes as to 
politics, but as far as coin issues were concerned we 
find nothing. With the rapid rise of the Constitu- 
tionalist forces of the North and the organization 
of their territory, we begin to get our revolutionary 
coinage. This was due probably to the urgent need 
of a more stable currency and the fact that the 
civil war had already devastated the land, and what 


65) THE COINAGE OF THE 


money there was formerly had been either buried or 
exported. The first currency to be issued consisted 
of enormous quantities of paper money which were 
extensively counterfeited and soon became practi- 
cally valueless. In fact, it looked for a time as 
though numismatists would be poorly repaid for 
their trouble in trying to find any coins. As paper 
money cost practically nothing to issue, and for 
the most part was put into circulation by force, 
the necessity of coining money was reduced to a 
minimum. As a matter of fact when any silver or 
copper was actually coined, the bullion for it was 
either stolen or taken over by threats or by force, 
and the cost of production was consequently very 
small. Even when silver money was issued, it 
disappeared from circulation almost over night, as 
the flood of paper money made it profitable to 
melt up the new coin or else export it. Large 
amounts of coin were, nevertheless. in the country 
from the fact that much had been forced out of 
hiding by threats, torture, and other high-handed 
methods. Also it isa well-known fact that vast sums 
have been smuggled across the border into the 
United States. It has been reported that Villa, 
before his death, had sent into the United States 
several million pesos that he coined in Chihuahua. 

The first of these revolutionary issues, especially 
in the North, were struck with the intention of 
giving full weight and value. In the South, the 
coins were stamped with values much in excess of 
their bullion worth, and later were followed in some 


MEXICAN REVOLUTIONISTS 7 


instances by a pure token coinage in copper with 
denominations of silver coins. The admixture of 
gold in the silver coins is interesting. When done 
intentionally the amount of gold was stated on the 
coin, as in the case of the Zapata and Oaxaca issues. 

The scope of this monograph is the metallic 
coinage issued by the different revolutionary bands 
during the period in question. It makes no pre- 
tensions to chronicling the coins issued in Mexico 
City that followed the regular standards. nor is 
any attempt made to take up the many and various 
issues of paper and cardboard money that flooded 
the country. 

One would naturally expect to find counterstamps 
as a result of the many changes, but these apparently 
have been very few. The probable reason for this 
absence of surcharging was the scarcity of coins to 
revalidate, and the fact that no great amount of 
enemy issues got into the possession of the other 
side. 

SINALOA ISSUES 

The first actual issue of coins made by the 
revolutionists was in the State of Sinaloa in June and 
July, 1913, from bullion taken from the Rosario 
Mine, by order of General Rafael Buelna. 


1 (1).* Peso. The regular Mexican eight reals or 
peso, with eagle on obverse and radiate liberty 
cap on reverse, as adopted in 1825 and issued 
almost continuously until 1910. 

Size 38-39 mm. Weight 32.72 gm. (505 gr.). 
Silver. Cast. Plate I. 


* The numbers in parentheses are those of the first edition. . 


8 THE COINAGE OF THE 


At was reported that only 25,000 were cast, so 
poor were the results, as the casting was executed in 
coarse sand moulds. The pieces are rare, due to 
the fact that most of the issue was melted in the 
course of a few days because it was found that a 
large percentage of gold was in the bullion used. 
This had not been assayed before the pieces were 
made. Exaggerated tales were told at the time 
of the amount of gold in the pieces. As a matter of 
fact, the gold in these coins is far in excess of their 
face value; the pieces weigh about a fifth more 
than the standard Mexican peso. 


2 (2). Peso. Same as No. 1, but counterstamped 


G. C. 
Size 39 mm. Weight 32.2 gm. (497 gr.). Silver. 
Cast. Plate I. 


This counterstamp is said to be the mark of 
General Juan Carrasco, and is interesting because 
Carrasco shortly after issued dollars of his own, and 
probably at the same time stamped the few remain- 
ing Buelna dollars that had escaped the melting 
pot. This G. C. stamp has been interpreted by 
some as the abbreviation of General Carrasco, but 
the more probable reading is Gobierno Constitu- 
cionalista (Constitutional Government). 

During the late autumn of 1913, General Juan 
Carrasco caused dollars to be cast at Culiacan 
in Sinaloa, using as a model the old liberty cap peso 
as in the previous instance. 


MEXICAN REVOLUTIONISTS 9 


3 (3). Peso. Same as No. 1, but showing the design 
more clearly. 
Size 39 mm. Weights varying from 26.50 to 
29.64 gm. (409 to 457.5 gr.). Silver. Cast. 
Plate I. 


These dollars, for the most part, show the de- 
sign better than did the Buelna specimens, but the 
edges were left very rough and consequently had to 
be filed considerably. They can be distinguished 
more readily from the Buelna pieces by their 
weight. They are also rare because the bullion 
value in them was in excess of their face value, 
especially as the low valuation of the paper money 
made it profitable to melt them up. These pieces 
assay about nine-tenths silver, one-tenth copper 
and a small showing of gold. 


4 Fifty Centavos. The regular Mexican 50 centavos 
issued since 1906, with eagle on obverse and large 
50 under radiate liberty cap within wreath. 
Size 31 mm. Weight 14 gm. (216 gr.). Silver. 
Cast. Plate I. 


5 Twenty Centavos. The regular Mexican 20 centa- 
vos of the type issued prior to 1906. 
Size 24 mm. Weight 5.50 gm. (85 gr.). Silver. 
Cast. Plate I. 


The above pieces are of extreme rarity and were 
probably issued at the same time as the peso. They 
were both found in Sinaloa and are now in the 
collection of Dr. Everardo Landa, Mexico City. 


10 THE COINAGE OF THE 


PARRAL ISSUES 


The next issue was a series of struck coins made at 
Parral in Chihuahua. It is said that the silver had 
been confiscated from near-by mines, and the 
rumor went around that they contained considerable 
gold. This, however, is probably not so. There 
are various conflicting statements about these 
coins. One account is that General Maclovio 
Herrera gave the order to make this money; another 
is that General Villa personally authorized it. 
Both versions may be correct. At any rate, this 
issue is known as Villa’s first coinage, and it was 
probably first struck in October, 1913. Although 
it was thought that but few were issued, there is 
no doubt that a great many pieces were made— 
sufficient to meet the demand for these coins from 
collectors. This fact can be stated about these and 
subsequent coins of the revolutionists, namely, that 
more are undoubtedly seen in the United States 
than in Mexico, as the very large issue of paper and 
cardboard currency soon drove out the metallic 
money. ; . 


6 (4). Peso. Obv. H|DEL| PARRAL (Hidalgo del 
Parral), within a partial wreath and a half circle 
composed of annulets; at base, 1913. 

Rev. 1 PESO within partial wreath and _ half 
circle of annulets. m 

Edge reeded. Size 39 mm. Weights of pieces 
examined vary from 25.92 to 27.59 gm. (400 to 
426 gr.). Silver. Plate II. 


MEXICAN REVOLUTIONISTS Il 


Mr. H. L. Hill has a specimen with plain edge. 


This piece shows the annulet at bottom of the wreath 
on reverse very clearly. The weight of this piece is 


29.25 gm. (450 gr.). 


Two very rare varieties of this peso have come to 


light in recent years. They are known as the 
‘bolita’ pesos. 


7 


Peso. Obv. Same as No. 6. 

Rev. A round boss or ball, 8 mm. in diameter, 
in centre, superimposed on a large 1 and p[Es]o 
within partial wreath and half circle of annulets. 
Edge plain or reeded. Size 38 mm. Weight 
about 32 gm. (493 gr.). Silver. Plate II. 
Peso. Obv. Same as No. 6. 

Rev. From the same die as No. 7 but the shaft 
of the 1 and the Es of PESO have been cut over 
the circular boss. ; 

Edge plain. Size 38.5 mm. Weight 32 gm. (494 
gr.). Silver. Plate II. 
Only a very few specimens of these two pieces are 


known. Mr. E. Z. Little has examples of both 
varieties. 


9 


(5). Fifty Centavos. Obv. FUERZAS CONSTITU- 

CIONALISTAS *-* 1913 °,°: (Constitutionalist 

Forces). In centre, a crude representation of a 

radiate liberty cap, dotted border. 

Rev. 50 | CENTAVOS; above, a small radiate 

liberty cap on pole, at each side spray of leaves, 

dotted border. 

Edge reeded. Size 30 mm. Weights vary from 

12.96 to 13.47 gm. (200 to 208 gr.). Silver. 
Plate II. 


12 THE COINAGE OF THE 


Specimens have been noted with plain edge. 


10 (6). Two Centavos. Obv. 2¢ in wreath within a 
circle, outside of which FUERZAS CONSTITUCIONA- 
LISTAS £. Outside border of dots. 

Rev. Within circle a radiate liberty cap; outside 
and on each side, spray of leaves; below, 1913, 
made by stippling. 

Size 25 mm. Copper. Plate II. 


The copper used in the making of these pieces 
came from the trolley wire of the Parral-Santa 
Barbara Railway Company. 


11 Same as No. Io but struck in brass. Hill Collec- 


tion. 
DURANGO ISSUES 


Probably the next issue, at any rate in the North, 
are the Muera Huerta pieces. These were coined 
at Cuencame, an old Indian village between Torreon 
and Durango, in Durango State, under orders of 
Generals Calixto Contreras and Severino Ceniceros. 

These coins are most remarkable on account of the 
inscription—MUERA HUERTA (Death to Huerta). 
So dire a threat on a coin is almost unique in 
numismatic annals. It is said that Huerta was so 
enraged about it that he issued a proclamation to 
the effect that whoever was found in possession of 
one of these coins should be subject to death. 


12 (8a). Peso. Obv. Incentre, the regular Mexican 
eagle on cactus; above, ‘EJERCITO CONSTITUCIONA- 
LIsTA: ; below, MUERA HUERTA. Border of irregu- 
lar indentations. 


MEXICAN REVOLUTIONISTS 13 


Rev. In centre a radiate liberty cap; above, 
ESTADOS UNIDOS MEXICANOS; below, UN PESO | 
1914; at each side, three stars. Border of dots 
and irregular indentations. 

Edge crudely reeded. Size 39 mm. Weight 
23.88 gm. (369 gr.). Plate II. 


Judging by the style of the lettering, the dies of 
this piece were cut by the man who cut the Parral 
50 centavos, No. 9. 

This piece is very rare and I know of only two 
specimens, one in the collection of The American 
Numismatic Society and the other in the Hill Col- 
lection. 


13 (7). Peso. Obv. In centre, the regular Mexican 
eagle on cactus; above, EJERCITO CONSTITUCIONA- 
LISTA (Constitutionalist Army); below, - MUERA 
HUERTA -. 

Around border, continuous outer line and wide 
indentations. 

Rev. In centre, a radiate liberty cap; above, 
ESTADOS UNIDOS MEXICANOS; below, -I9I4: UN 
PESO. 1914. Border as on obverse. 

Edge shows traces of crude reeding. Size 39 mm. 
The two specimens examined weigh 21.70 and 
22.61 gm. (335 and 349 gr.). Silver. Pilate II. 


13a (7a). Peso. Obv Die of above, showing very 
bad breaks. Plate II. 


14 (8). Peso. Obv. Similar to No. 13, but instead 
of a linear border line, one composed of dots and 
dashes was substituted; also the milled border is 
less marked and the oval pellets on each side of 
MUERA HUERTA are larger. 


14 THE COINAGE OF THE 


Rev. Same as No. 13. 

Edge coarsely reeded. Size 38 mm. Weights 
of pieces examined vary.from 19.47 to 23 gm. 
(300.5 to 355 gr.). Silver. | Plate II. 


Shortly after the above piece was struck, General 
Villa obtained possession of the dies and struck 
heavier pieces from them in Chihuahua. 


15 (9). Peso. Obv. Same as No. 14. 
Rev. Same as No. 14. 
Edge plain or very slightly reeded. Size 39 mm. 
Weight of piece examined 28.50 gm. (440 gr.). 
Silver. 


16 Peso. Same as above but struck in copper. 


The two specimens noted of this rare piece, in 
the F. C. C. Boyd and in the H. L. Hill Collections, 
show the obverse die badly broken. 


17 Twenty Pesos. Similar to above but on reverse 
instead of UN PESO, 20 PESOS. 
Size 37 mm. Copper. 


I know of only one specimen of this piece, which 
is in a collection in Mexico City, and have been 
unable to get any detailed information about it. 

Besides the pesos a great many five- and one- 
centavos were issued in Durango, chiefly in copper, 
though occasional pieces come to light struck in 
brass or lead. The five-centavo pieces are slightly 
more common than the one-centavo. Usually the 
dies are crudely made and the pieces are badly 
struck. 


MEXICAN REVOLUTIONISTS 15 


18 (10). Five Centavos. Obv. In centre, I914; 
above ESTADO DE DURANGO; below, a wreath. 
Rev. Within a circle of four-pointed stars, 5 
CENTAVOS. 

Size 24 mm. Copper. Plate III. 


19 Five Centavos. Obv. Similar to No. 18 but the 
inscription reads E. DE DURANGO, the date is 
smaller and in center of the field, the wreath 
at bottom extends to top of date. 

Rev. Similar, but the 5 lighter and higher and 
the letters in CENTAVOS have serifs. 
Size 24 mm. Copper. Plate III. 


This piece is in the Hill Collection and is better 
cut than the dies described under No. 20. 


20 (11). Five Centavos. Obv. a close copy of No. 19. 
The date is a little larger and more extended, 
and the wreath does not come to the top of the 
date. 

Rev. A close copy of No. 19. The 5 is heavier 
and the letters are not as well executed. 
Size 24 mm. Copper. Plate III. 


Of this variety I have noticed six obverse dies 
and five reverse dies making fifteen combinations. 


21 Five Centavos. Same as No. 20, but struck in 
lead. 


22 (12). Five Centavos. Obv. Similar to No. 20 but 
the 1914 is smaller and lower down in the field, 
and the N in DURANGO is retrograde. 

Rev. Similar but the c in centavos is square. 
Size 24 mm. Copper. Plate III. 


16 THE COINAGE OF THE 


23 (13). Five Centavos. Same as No. 22 but struck 
in brass. 


24 Five Centavos. Obv. Same as No. 20. 
Rev. Same as No. 22. 
Size 24 mm. Copper. 


25 (14). Five Centavos. Obv. Same as No. 19. 
Rev. Similar but V CENTAVOS. 
Size 24 mm. Copper. Plate III. 


26 Five Centavos. Obv. Same as No. 22. 
Rev. Same as No. 25. 
Size 24 mm. Copper. 


27 Five Centavos. Same as No. 26, but in lead. 


28 Five Centavos. Obv. In centre 1914; above, 
E DE DURANGO; below, three five-pointed stars. 
Rev. 5 cvs (s retrograde) within a border of 
large and small pellets. 

Size 20 mm. Lead. Hill Collection. Plate III. 


29 Five Centavos. Obv. In centre, Mexican eagle 
on cactus: above, REPUBLICA MEXICANA; below, 
wreath and date 1914. 

Rev. In centre 5; above, ESTADO DE DURANGO; 
below, CENTAVOS. 
Edge, plain. Size 25 mm. Brass. 


This piece and the one-centavo in aluminum, No. 
45, are of much better die work and were struck in 
a machine press. Two sets of dies have been noted. 

Undoubtedly these pieces were not made in 
Mexico, and it is very unlikely that they were ever 
in circulation during the revolutionary period. 


MEXICAN REVOLUTIONISTS 17 


They and the one-centavo pieces are almost always 
found bright and unworn. They were unknown to 
collectors until after the revolution. It is said that 
a large quantity of these were bought by an antique 
dealer at an auction sale of goods remaining in the 
Mexican City Custom House. Many of them were 
subsequently used as gaming counters, which would 
account for a few showing slight signs of wear. 
30 Centavo. Obv. In centre, 1914; above, = 
ESTADO DE * ; below, DURANGO. 
Rev. 1 CENT. within a wreath. The 1 is thick 
and made solid. 
Size 20 mm. Copper. Plate III. 


31 (15). Centavo. Obv. Same as No. 30. 
Rev. Similar, but the I is not quite as thick 
and is shaded with horizontal lines. 
Size 20 mm. Copper. Plate III. 


32 (16). Centavo. Same as No. 31 but struck in 
lead. 


Size-27 min. 


33 Centavo. Same as above, but incuse and retro- 
grade. 
Size°22 mm. Lead. 


This specimen from the Hill Collection was made 
by using two of the copper coins as dies. 


34 Centavo. Obv. Same as obverse of No. 30. 
Rev. Same as obverse of No. 31. 
Size 20 mm. Copper. 
This muling of two obverse dies is in the E. Z. 
Little Collection. 


18 THE COINAGE OF THE 


35 Centavo. Obv. In centre, 1914; above, [+ E] 
STADO DE + DURANGO. 
Rev. 1 CENT within wreath, the n is cut like a v. 
Size 19 mm.and 20mm. _ Lead, struck. Plate III. 


Of the several pieces examined, the E of ESTADO 
does not show and the s is retrograde. The work- 
manship is very poor. 


36 Centavo, same as No. 35 but cast. 
Size 19 mm. Lead. 


37 Centavo. Obv. Similar to No. 35, but the 
date is smaller. The period is above and to the 
right of the 0 in DURANGO. 

Rev. Similar to No. 35 but the figure 1 is Roman, 
the word CENT is in skeleton letters, and the c is 


square. 
Size 20 mm., I mm. thick. Brass. Hill Collec- 
tion. | Plate III. 


38 Centavo. Same as No. 37, but struck in lead. 


39 Centavo. Obv. Same die as No. 37. 
Rev. The wreath extends over the 1, the word 
CENT is a trifle smaller and the C is square. 
Size 19 mm. Copper. Plate ITI. 


40 Centavo. Same as No. 39, but struck in lead. 
Farran Zerbe Collection. 


41 Centavo. Obv. Similar to No. 37, but no 
period above 0 in DURANGO. 
Rev. The 1 much smaller and thinner and a 
regular C in CENT. 
Size about 20 mm. Copper. 


MEXICAN REVOLUTIONISTS 19 


Two different sets of dies noted, the top of wreath 
is much closer together on one than on the other. 


42 Centavo. Same as No. 41, but struck in lead. 
Plate III. 


The dies used on the lead piece are not the same 
as those used on the copper piece. 


43 (17). Centavo. Obv. Same as No. 28. 
Rev. 1 CENT within a border of dots and dashes. 
The N in CENT is retrograde. 
Size 30 mm. Copper. _- Plate ITI. 


44 Centavo. Same as No. 43 but struck in lead. 
Little Collection. 


45 Centavo. Obv. Similar to No. 29. 
Rev. Similar to No. 29 but 1 in place of 5. 
Edge plain. Size 21 mm. Aluminum. 
Plate III. 


This is a companion piece to No. 29, and the 
same remarks apply. 


CHIHUAHUA ISSUES 


In 1914 the Villa issues, with the exception of 
the Muera Huerta pesos (No. 15), consisted of 
patterns and five-centavo pieces. The latter were 
issued in great quantities and are still common. 
The workmanship is about the best of any of the 
Revolutionary coinage. 


46 Peso. Obv. Radiate liberty cap inscribed 
LIBERTAD. Below the rays the engraver’s name, 


20 THE COINAGE OF THE 


SALAZAR; above, REPUBLICA MEXICANA; below, 
between ornaments, E. DE CHIHA. 

Rev. Scales with book inscribed LEY; below in 
field —, 1914 «<— ; above, EJERCITO CONSTITUCIONA- 
LISTA; below, between ornaments, UN PESO. 
Edge reeded. Size 38 mm. Weight 25.5 gm. 


(393 gr.). 3 
Copper, coated with a thin silver wash. Plate IV. 


This extremely rare coin is in the collection of Dr. 
Everardo Landa, and probably never got beyond 
the pattern stage. 


47 Fifty Centavos. Obv. Radiate liberty cap in- 
scribed LIBERTAD; below the rays, SALAZAR; 
above, REPUBLICA MEXICANA; below, “E. DE CHIHA: 
Rev. 50¢ in monogram; above and below in 
small letters CINCUENTA — CENTAVOS; around, 
EJERCITO CONSTITUCIONALISTA; below, +1914: 
Edge reeded.. Size 29 mm. Weight, 12 gm. 
(185.2 gr.). 

Copper specimens are also known plated in silver. 
Plate IV. 


This coin is probably only a pattern for a con- 
templated silver issue. Hill and Landa collection. 


48 Fifty Centavos. The regular Mexican 50 Centa- 
vos issued since 1906, but with the name FRAN- 
CISCO VILLA punched in the field around the eagle 
on obverse and a 4 punched in over last figure of 
date on reverse, making the date read 1914. 
Size 30 mm. Silver. Landa Collection. 

Plate IV. 


MEXICAN REVOLUTIONISTS 21 


49 (18). Five Centavos. Obv. Radiate liberty cap 
inscribed LIBERTAD; below the rays, savazar; 
above, REPUBLICA MEXICANA; at bottom —+E. DE 
CHIHA+. 

Rev. 5¢ in monogram; above EJERCITO CON- 
STITUCIONALISTA; below, “A 1914 ¥>. 
Size 25 mm. Copper. Plate IV. 


The copper used in this issue is reported to have 
come from the telegraph and telephone wires of the 
vast Terrazas estates. 

There were a large number of dies used, none 
presenting any marked variety but the one noted 
below. 


50 Five Centavos. Obv. Same as No. 49. 
Rev. Similar to No. 49, but ornaments at side 
of date thus D@®<. 
Size25mm. Copper. Hill Collection. Plate IV. 


51 Five Centavos. Obv. In centre regular Mexican 
eagle on cactus; REPUBLICA MEXICANA; below, 
wreath, and in small letters under, M. sEvira. 
Rev. Same as obverse of No. 49. 

Size25mm. Copper. Hill Collection. Plate IV. 


52 (21). Five Centavos. Obv. Same as No. 51. 
Rev. Same as the reverse of No. 49 but incuse, 
having been made by using a coin as a die. 

Size 25 mm. Copper. George F. Brown Col- 
lection. Plate IV. 


53 (19). Five Centavos. Same as No. 49 but date 


IQI5. 
Size 25 mm. Copper. 


22 THE COINAGE OF THE 


‘54 (20). Ten Centavos. Obv. Similar to No. 49 but 
larger and with denticulated border. 

Rev. Similar to No. 49, but with 10¢ in mono-. 

gram instead of 5¢, and the date 1915. 

Size 27 mm. Copper. Plate IV. 

The silver issues of Villa for 1915 show decided 

improvement both in workmanship and in striking, 
although some of the planchets were poorly pre- 
pared. They were struck at Chihuahua from 
bullion taken largely from the Chihuahua Smelter, 
the property of the American Smelting and Refining 
Company. The issuing of this coin enabled Villa 
to recruit many men for the Sonora campaign, as 
he was able to pay his troops in silver while the 
other leaders could pay their men only in depreciated 
paper money. This coinage ran into millions. The 
obverse side bears the name of Sevilla and the 
reverse that of Salazar. 

55 (22). Peso. Obv. In centre, regular Mexican 
eagle on cactus, near ground sevm1a; above, 
REPUBLICA MEXICANA; below, wreath. 

Rev. In centre, radiate liberty cap inscribed 
LIBERTAD, with satazar underneath; above, 
EJERCITO DEL NORTE (Army of the North); below, 
UN PESO. CHA. I9Q15. F.M. 902.7. 

Edge reeded. Size 39 mm. Weights of pieces 
examined vary from 26.80 to 27.86 gm. (414 to 
430 gr.), and were .903 fine. Silver. 

This is also known in copper. A specimen in the 
Hill collection has been gilded. Plate V 


56 Peso. Same as No. 55, but from different dies, 
noticeable in the rays behind the liberty cap. 


MEXICAN REVOLUTIONISTS 23 


Edge reeded. Size 39 mm. Copper. Landa 
Collection. Plate V. 


JALISCO ISSUES 


The army of the North did not confine its mints 
to Chihuahua province, as we find a series of copper 
coins struck in Jalisco. The commander of the 
army in this state was Manuel M. Dieguez. 


57 (23). Five Centavos. Obv. Radiate liberty cap, 
inscribed LIBERTAD, similar to No. 49; above, 
REPUBLICA MEXICANA; below, 1915. 

Rev. 5¢ in monogram in centre; above, EJERCITO 

DEL NORTE; below, EDO. DE JAL. (Estado de 

Jalisco). 

Size 24 and 25 mm. Copper. Plate V. 

Three different die-varieties have been noted, one 
apparently without the word LIBERTAD on cap. 


58 (24). Two Centavos. Obv. Similar to No. 57. 
Rev. Similar, but with 2¢ instead of 5¢. 
Size 21 mm. Copper. Plate V. 


These pieces vary from 2% to 1% mm. in thick- 
ness. 


59 (25). Centavo. Obv. Similar to No. 57. 
Rev. Similar, but 1¢ instead of 5¢. 
Size Ig mm. Copper. Plate V. 


AGUASCALIENTES ISSUE 


Francisco Villa struck the following pieces in this 
state: 


60 (26). Twenty Centavos. Obv. Incentre, regular 


24 THE COINAGE OF THE 


Mexican eagle on cactus; above, ESTADO DE 

AGUASCALIENTES; below, laurel wreath. 

Rev. In centre a large 20; behind and above a 

large liberty cap on pole; below, in two lines, 

CENTAVOS | 1915; beneath and reaching up half- 

way only, a laurel wreath. 

Edge plain or reeded. Size 30 mm. Copper. 
Plate V. 


This piece is also found cast in copper, possibly a 
contemporaneous counterfeit. 


61 Twenty Centavos. Same as No. 60 but struck 
in silver. Very thick. 


This piece and the pieces of other denominations 
struck in silver are probably pattern or gift pieces. 
Only one set is known and it is in a private collection 
in Mexico City. 


62 Twenty Centavos. Obv. Similar to No. 60, but 
the eagle is smaller, and there is a period after the 
inscription. 

Rev. Similar to No. 60, but the liberty cap is 
smaller and the wreath extends to the top of the 
figure 20. 

Edge reeded. Size 30 mm. Copper. Plate V. 


63 Twenty Centavos. Obv. Same as No. 60. 
Rev. Same as No. 62. 
Edge reeded. Copper. 


64 (27). Five Centavos. Obv. Similar to No. 60. 
Rev. Similar to No. 60, but 5 CENTAVOS. 
Size 25 mm. Copper. Plate VI. 


65 Five Centavos. Obv. Same as No. 64. 


MEXICAN REVOLUTIONISTS 25 


Rev. 5¢ in monogram within laurel wreath; 
above, 1915. The 5 is shaded horizontally, the 
¢ unshaded. 

Size 25 mm. Copper. Little Coll. Plate VI. 


66 (28). Five Centavos. Obv. Similar to No. 65, 
but lettering smaller. 
Rev. Similar to No. 65, but the shading in the 
5 is vertical. 
Size 65 mm. Copper. John F. Le Blanc Col- 
lection. Plate VI. 


67 Five Centavos. Obv. Same as No. 66. 
Rev. Similar, but the 5 is unshaded and the ¢ 
is shaded. Size 25 mm. Copper. Hill Collec- 
tion. Plate VI. 


68 Five Centavos. There isa piece of this denomin- 
ation struck in silver, but I have been unable to 
learn from which die the piece was made. See 
remarks under No. 61. 


69 Two Centavos. Obv. Rayed liberty cap; below 
R. M. and two sprays; above, ESTADO DE AGUAS- 
CALIENTES. 

Rev. 2¢, in monogram within wreath; above, 1915. 
Size 20 mm. Copper. Zerbe Coll. Plate VI. 
Very rare. 


70 Two Centavos. Same, but struck in silver. 


71 Centavo. Obv. Similar to No. 69. 
Rev. Similar to No. 69, but 1¢ in place of 2¢. 
Size 17 mm. Copper. Zerbe and Landa Col- 
lections. Plate VI. 
Very rare. 


72 Centavo. Same but struck in silver. 


26 THE COINAGE OF THE 
PUEBLA ISSUES 


MADERO FACTION 


73 Two Centavos. Obv. Mexican eagle on cactus 
within dotted circle;around, REPUBLICA MEXICANA: 
below 1915; outside, circle of dots. 

Rev. Incentre, 2 CENTAVOS within circle of dots; 
around, TET. LA DEL ORO Y OCAMPO E. DE PU (Te- 
tela del Oro y Ocampo, Estado de Puebla). 
Size 20 mm. Copper. Hill Coll. Plate VI. 
Extremely rare. 

Tetela is a district in the northern part of Puebla. 

The word Oro in the name alludes to the mineral 

wealth of the district, and Ocampo is an addition in 

honor of the martyr Melchor Ocampo, one of the 
heroes of Mexico. 


MADERO BRIGADE 


The following pieces were wrongly attributed in 
the first edition to the State of Coahuila. It is 
now known that they were issued in the northern 
part of Puebla. 


74 (29). Twenty Centavos. Obv. In centre, Mexi- 
can eagle similar to that used on the regular 
Mexican 10 Centavos of 1899; below, 1915; 
around edge, BRIGADA FRANCISCO I. MADERO + 
S.N.D.P. +. 

Rev. 20 CENTAVOS, in two lines; above, TRAN- 
SITORIO; at sides, small crosses. 
Sizes 28, 29, and 30 mm. Copper. Plate VI. 


Five pairs of dies of this piece, showing slight vari- 
ations, have been noted. 


MEXICAN REVOLUTIONISTS 27 


75 Twenty Centavos. Obv. From one of the dies of 
No. 74. 
Rev. Same as above, but no crosses at sides. 
Size 28 mm. Copper. Julius Guttag Collection. 


76 Ten Centavos. Obv. Eagle and date similar to 
No. 74; around, + BRIGADA FRANCISCO I. MADERO 
oo. 

Rev. XC in monogram; above, TRANSITORIO; 
below, S. N. DE PUEBLA (Sierra Norte de Puebla.). 
At sides, small crosses. 

Size 26 mm. Copper. Plate VI. 


This piece, which gives the key to where these 
coins were struck, was not known in the United 
States until several years after the appearance of the 
20 Centavos. Most of these 10-Centavo pieces 
seen are bright red and uncirculated and are 
probably from a hoard. 


ZAPATA ISSUES 


In the South, Emiliano Zapata was one of the first 
to conspire against President Diaz, but his coinage 
did not begin until 1914. This at first consisted of 
silver two-peso pieces about the size of the old 
single peso pieces, and one-peso pieces about the 
size of a 50-centavo piece. In 1915, the size of 
the two-peso piece was reduced and various 
fractions of the peso were added to the series. In 
several instances the first coins were struck in 
silver but later were made of copper. The Zapata 
issues were struck in the states of Guerrero and 
Morelos. Those in Guerrero were struck in the 


28 THE COINAGE OF THE 


towns of Taxco, sometimes spelled Tasco, Atlixtac, 
and Campo Morado (Purple Camp), a rich mining 
camp which supplied most of the silver. The latter 
have the abbreviations Co. Mo. or C.M. 


STATE OF GUERRERO 

77 (30). Two Pesos. Obv. In centre, Mexican 
eagle on cactus, from the base of which spring 
sprays of oak and laurel; above, REPUBLICA 
MEXICANA; below, %DOS PESOS. GRO. 1914: 
Rev. A mountain range of three peaks; the 
centre one a smoking volcano, above and in 
centre, a radiate sun; across topmost rays, ORO: 
0,595. Around edge, “‘REFORMA LIBERTAD, JUSTI- 
CIA Y LEY” (Reform, Liberty, Justice and Law). 
Edge reeded. Size 39 mm. _ Silver. Piate VI. 


The Gro on the obverse is for Guerrero, the 
state where the pieces were made. 

The weights vary from 17.46 to 27.42 gm. (269.4 
to 421 gr.). There seem to have been two periods 
of striking these, as the heavier ones are compara- 
tively well struck while the lighter ones are very 
poorly struck on wretchedly made planchets. A 
large number of dies were used but as it has been 
impossible to assemble a sufficient number of these 
for purposes of study no exact figure can be given. 
A few of the major variants are herewith noted. 

Cast pieces, probably counterfeits, are occasion- 
ally met with. 


78 (31). Two Pesos. Obv. Similar to No. 77, but the 
lower part of the legend reads % Dos PESOS. GRO, 
IQI5%. 


MEXICAN REVOLUTIONISTS 29 


Rev. Similar to No. 77. 
Size 40 mm. _ Silver. 


79 Two Pesos. Same, but struckin copper. Landa 
Collection. 


80 (32). Two Pesos. Obv. Similar to No. 78, but no 
line under RO of GRO. 
Rev. Similar to No. 77, but c9. M®Y., in exergue. 
Size 39 mm. _ Silver. Plate VII. 


81 (33). Two Pesos. Obv. Same as No. 80. 
Rev. Similar to No. 80, but exergue reads 
%& COMO. & 


Size 39 mm.. Silver. 


The edges of the 1915 issues are reeded as in the 
previous year but some are so lightly done as 
hardly to show. The pieces noted of this year 
vary in weight from 22.15 to 30.03 gm. (342 to 
463 gr.). 


82 (34). Two Pesos. Obv. In centre, regular Mexi- 
can eagle on cactus; above, REPUBLICA MEXICANA; 
below, wreath of oak and laurel. 

Rev. Radiate liberty cap inscribed LIBERTAD; 
below, DOS PESOS. C. M. GRO. IQI5. 

Edge plain. Size 35 mm. Weights of the two 
specimens examined, 18.66 and 20.08 gm. (288 and 
310 gr.). Silver. Plate VII. 


83 (35). Peso. Obv. In centre, regular Mexican 
eagle on cactus, from the base of which spring 
sprays of oak and laurel; below base, 1914; above, 
REPUBLICA MEXICANA; below, *%UN PESO CO. MQ, 
GRO», 


30 THE COINAGE OF THE 


Rev. In centre, radiate liberty cap on pole; 
below, ORO: 0,300. Around edge, “‘REFORMA, 
LIBERTAD, JUSTICIA Y LEY.” 

Size 33 mm. _ Silver. Plate VII. 


The few specimens known are all poorly struck 
on rough flans and weigh from 16.33 to 16.52 gm. 
(252 to 255 er.). 


84 (36). Pesos. Obv. In centre, Mexican eagle 
on cactus, from the base of which springs sprays 
of oak and laurel; above, REPUBLICA MEXICANA.; 
below, %UN PESO. CAMPO M2.% 

Rev. In centre, radiate liberty cap inscribed 
LIBERTAD within a wreath of oak and laurel; 
above GRO | ORO: 0,300; around edge, ‘‘REFORMA, 
LIBERTAD, JUSTICIA Y LEY’ I914. 

Edge plain. Size 31 mm. Silver. Plate VII. 


85 (37). Peso. Obv. Similar to No. 84 but inscrip- 
tion at bottom reads only %UN PESO. 
Rev. Similar to No. 84 but liberty cap not 
inscribed. 
Edge plain or reeded. Size 30 mm. _ Silver. 
Plate VII. 


86 Peso. Obv. Similar to No. 85, but the sprays 
at base of cactus extend slightly. beyond the 
eagle’s wings, and the inscription at the bottom 
reads UN PESO. 

Rev. ‘Same as No. 84. 
Edge plain. Size 31 mm. Silver. 


87 (38). Peso. Obv. Similar to No. 86 but inscrip- 
tion at bottom reads #%UN PESO. 


MEXICAN REVOLUTIONISTS 31 


Rev. Similar to No. 84. 
Edge plain. Size 31 mm. Silver. 


88 (39). Peso. Obv. Similar to No. 85, but the 
oak and laurel spray extends nearly to the edge 
of the coin. Inscription at bottom *%UN PESO. 
Rev. Similar to No. 84. 

Edge plain. Size 31 mm. Silver. Plate VII. 


The weights of these peso pieces, Nos. 84 to 88 
vary from 12.57 to 14.52 gm. (194 to 224 gr.). 


89 (40). Peso. Obv. Similar to No. 86, but 
bottom inscription reads %UN PESO. 
Rev. Similar, but inscription above liberty cap 
reads TAXCO. GRO | % G. | ORO: 0.300., and date 
in exergue, IQI5. 
Reeded edge. Size 30 mm. Silver. Plate VIII. 


Specimens examined weighed from 10.89 to 12.44 
gm. (168 to 192 gr.). 


90 Peso. Obv. Similar to No. 89. 
Rev. Similar; no star before G under TAXCco. 
Reeded edge. Size 30 mm. Silver. Weight 
11.6 gm. (179 gr.). Hill Collection. 


91 Peso. Obv. Similar, but inscription reads 
¥% REPUBLICA MEXICANA% and UN PESO. 
Rev. Similar to No. 90, but from a different die. 
Reeded edge. Sizes 29-31 mm. Silver. Weight 
11.5 gm. (177.5 gr.). Hill and Little Collections. 


92 (41). Fifty Centavos. Obv. In centre, regular 
Mexican eagle on cactus; above, %REPUBLICA*® 
MEXICANA; below, wreath of oak and laurel. 


32 THE COINAGE OF THE 


Rev. Within a laurel wreath,—5o¢ | %TAXCO* 
| GRO.; above, radiate sun bearing date 1915. 
Plain edge. Size 28 mm. Weights vary from 
8.81 to 10.85 gm. (136 to 168 gr.). 

Silver. Plate VIII. 


93 Fifty Centavos. Obv. In centre, regular Mexi- 
can eagle on cactus; above, REPUBLICA MEXICANA; 
below, wreath of oak and laurel. 

Rev. Same as No. 92. 
Plain edge. Size 28 mm. Copper. Plate VIII. 


94 Fifty Centavos. Obv. Same as No. 88 but the 
UN PESO has been partly obliterated. 
Rev. 50 CENTAVOS within wreath; above in two 
lines c. M. GRO.| 1915. The wreath has eight 
berries on each side. 
Edge plain. Size 30 mm. Weight 13.50 gm. 
(208.4 gr.). Pe 
Silver. Landa Collection. Plate VIII. 


95 Fifty Centavos. Obv. Probably from same die 
as No. 85 but the UN PESO effaced. “E 
Rev. Same as reverse of No. 94, but the die has 
been retouched; this is especially noticeable in 
the 5. . aes 
Edge plain. Size 30 mm. Copper. Plate VIII. 


96 Fifty Centavos. Obv. From same die as No. 84, 

but the UN PESO CAMPO MO effaced and a few 
leaves added to the wreath. 
Rev. Similar to No. 95 but the wreath has nine 
berries at left and seven berries at right. The 
period after GRO is between the top leaves of 
the branch. 

' Edge plain. Size 30 mm. Copper. Plate VIII. 


MEXICAN REVOLUTIONISTS 33 


97 Fifty Centavos. Obv. Same as No. 96. 
Rev. Same as No. 95. 
Edge plain. Size 30 mm. Copper. 


98 (42). Fifty Centavos. Obv. In centre, regular 
Mexican eagle on cactus; above, REPUBLICA 
MEXICANA; below, oak and laurel wreath. 

Rev. Similar to above, but the wreath has seven 
berries at left and nine berries at right, and the 
period after GRO touches the lower leaf of wreath. 
Edge plain. Size 30 mm. Copper. Plate VIII. 


99 Same as No. 98 but very base silver. Landa 
Collection. 


100 Fifty Centavos. Obv. Same as No. 98. 
Rev. Same as No. 95. 
Edge plain. Size 30 mm. Copper. 


101 Fifty Centavos. Obv. Similar but from a 
different die, the snake in the eagle’s beak ex- 
tends to the I of REPUBLICA, and the last letter of 
the inscription extends down to a line with the 
cactus. 

Rev. Similar, but no period after Gro. Eight 
berries at left, nine berries at right. 

Edge plain. 29 mm. Copper. Guttag Col- 
lection. Plate IX. 


102 Fifty Centavos. Obv. Similar to No. 98 but a 
star before REPUBLICA. 
Rev. Same as No. 95. 
Edge plain. Size 30 mm. Copper. Plate IX. 


103 Fifty Centavos. Obv. Same as No. 102. 
Rev. Same as No. 98. 
Edge plain. Size 30 mm. Copper. 


34 THE COINAGE OF THE 


104 Fifty Centavos. Obv. Similar, but the eagle is 
larger and the water shows more under the rock, 
the wreath reaches from each side and is not tied. 
Rev. Same as No. 95. 

This obverse shows a crack through MEXICANA 
and most specimens show a bad break at the 
bottom. 

Plain edge. 29and30mm. Copper. Plate IX. 


105 Fifty Centavos. Obv. Similar to No. 93, but 
from a different die. 
Rev. 50¢ in monogram within olive wreath; 
above, 1915. 
Edge plain. Size 25-30mm. Copper. Plate IX. 


Although this piece has on it no indications as to 
where it was. issued, it was probably struck in 
Guerrero. 


106 Fifty Centavos. Same but with a light silvery 
wash. Hill Collection. 


107 Fifty Centavos. Obv. Around in very crude 
lettering, REFORMAa LIbeRtad JUStICIa; in centre, 
above and below a crude rayed liberty cap, y Ley. 
Border of large dots. 

Rev. Around, RePUbLICa Me€xICana E.; in centre, 
de|50¢|G|1915. Border of large dots. 

Edge plain. Size 34 mm. Weight 14.8 gm. 
(228.4 gr.). Silver. Plate IX. 


I know of only one specimen of this piece, which 
is in the Hill Collection. 


108 Twenty-five Centavos. Obv. In centre, rayed 


MEXICAN REVOLUTIONISTS 35 


liberty cap; around, MexICana RePUbLIca, border 
of large dots. 

Rev. In centre; 25; around centavos E. D. G.; 
below, 1915. Border of large dots. 

Edge plain. Size 25 mm. Weight, 7.50 gm. 
(115.8 gr.). Plate IX. 


This is a companion piece to No. 107 and the 
dies were engraved by the same person. The one 
illustrated is from the Landa Collection. Although 
extremely rare, there are several pieces known. 


109 Twenty Centavos. Obv. Same as No. 93. 
Rev. 20 CENTAVOS, within wreath; above, c. M. 
GRO. | 1915. |& 

Edge plain. Size 27 mm. Copper. Plate IX. 
110 Ten Centavos. Obv. Similar to No. 93, but a 
blank space under the left part of the cactus. 
Rev. 10 CENTAVOS within wreath; above, in two 

lines, | Gro. | 1915. 
Plain edge. Size 27 mm. Copper. Plate X. 


These pieces vary in thickness from I to 3 mm. 


111 Ten Centavos. Obv. Similar to above but the 
wreath at bottom does not extend beyond the 
eagle’s wings and there is no blank space under 
the cactus. 

Rev. Similar, but the GRO 1915 is more extended 
and there is no period after the date. 

Edge plain. Size 27 mm. Copper. Little Col- 
lection. Plate X. 


112 Ten Centavos. Obv. Very similar to No. I11, 
but the leaves on the cactus and the wreath 
are different. 


36 THE COINAGE OF THE 


Rev. Same as III. 
Edge plain. Size 28 mm. Brass. Hill Collec- 
tion. Plate X. 


113 (44). Ten Centavos. Obv. Similar but the tail 
of the snake in the eagle’s claws is.above the 
cactus, 

Rev. Within wreath 10 CENTAVOS; above, in two 
lines ATLIXTAC. GRO. | 1915, no period after date. 
Berries in wreath five on each side. 


Edge plain. Size 27-28 mm. Copper. Plate X. 
Nearly all specimens show a die break on reverse. 


114 Ten Centavos. Obv. Same as No. 93. 
Rev. Similar to No. 113 but period after date and 
% before CENTAVOS. 
Edge plain. Size 27 mm. Copper. Plate X. 


115 Ten Centavos. Obv. Same as No. 92. 
Rev.. Same as No. 114. 
Edge plain. Size 27 mm. Copper. 


116 Ten Centavos. Obv. Same as No. 92. 
Rev. Similar to No. 113, but the wreath ends 
in two leaves and the berries number ten and six. 
Edge plain. Size 28 mm. Copper. Plate X. 


117 Ten Centavos. Obv. Same as No. 92. 
Rev. Same as No. 112. 
Edge plain. Size 27. Copper. 


118 Ten Centavos. Obv. Same as No. 92. 
Rev. 10 CENTAVOS within wreath; above, in two 
lines TAXCO. GRO. | 1915. 
Edge plain. Size 27 mm. Copper. Little Col- 
lection. Plate X. 


MEXICAN REVOLUTIONISTS 37 


119 Five Centavos. Obv. Similar to above. 
Rev. 5¢ in monogram in wreath; above, in two 
lines GRO. | IQI5. 
Edge plain. Size 26 mm. Copper. Landa 
Collection. Plate X. 


120 (43). Five Centavos. Obv. Same as No. 92. 
Rev. Similar to No. 119, but above in one 
curved line %TAXCO. GRO. IQI5. 

Edge plain. Size 28 mm. Copper. Plate X. 


121 Five Centavos. Obv. Mexican eagle on cactus, 
short wreath below; above, %REPUBLICA MEXI- 
CANA. 

Rev. 5¢ in monogram within wreath; above in 
two lines 1915 | c.M. 

Edge plain. Size 23 mm. Copper. Hill and 
Zerbe Collections. Plate X. 


122 Two Centavos. Obv. Mexican eagle on cactus 
below wreath; above, EDO.DE GRO. 
Rev. 2¢in monogram within wreath; above, 1915; 
below, T (Taxco?). 
Edge plain. Size 26 mm. Copper. Plate X. 


This piece is somewhat rare. The specimen 
illustrated is from the Landa Collection. 


123 Two Centavos. Obv. Mexican eagle on cactus; 
below, oak and laurel wreath; above, REPUBLICA 


¥% MEXICANA. 
Rev. 2¢ in monogram within wreath; above, 1915, 
Edge plain. Size 22 mm. Copper. Plate X. 


This rare piece is in the Hill Collection. Al- 
though there is no indication where the piece was 


s 


38 THE COINAGE OF THE 


minted it was without doubt made in Guerrero, as 
the workmanship is not unlike that of several other 
pieces from this state. 

The following is an issue from the Guerrero Mint 
in 1917, after hostilities had somewhat abated. The 
pieces are of good silver, and the workmanship is 
superior to the previous issues. A small number 
only must have been made, as all the pieces are 
scarce. The peso is extremely rare and is not rep- 
resented in most collections. 


124 Peso. Obv. Mexican eagle on cactus; below, 
wreath; above, REPUBLICA MEXICANA, in type 
similar to the pesos between 1898 and 1910. 

Rev. Radiate liberty cap; below, %UN PESO. GO. 

I9QI7. S. 10 DS. Similar to the pesos previous 

to 1910. 

Edge imperfectly reeded. Size 38 mm. Weight 

32.5 gm. (501.6 gr.). Silver. Landa Collection. 
Plate XI. 


125 Fifty Centavos. Obv. Mexican eagle on cactus; 
below, wreath; above ESTADOS UNIDOS MEXICA- 
NOS; similar in type to the regular coinage issued 
since 1906. 

Rev. At top, a radiate liberty cap; below in four 
lines, 50 | GRo | CENTAVOs | 1917; the whole partly 
enclosed within a wreath as on the regular issue 


since 1906. 
Edge plain. Size 30 mm. Weight 16.91 gm. 
(261 gr.). Silver. Plate XI. 


126 Twenty Centavos. Obv. Similar to No. 125. 
Rev. Similar to No. 125 but 20| G| CENTAVOs | 


1917. 


MEXICAN REVOLUTIONISTS 39 


Edge plain. Size 21 mm. Weight 5.24 gm. (81 
gr.). Silver. Plate XI. 


STATE OF MORELOS 


127 (46). Fifty Centavos. Obv. In center, Mexican 
eagle on cactus, from the base of which spring 
sprays of oak and laurel; above, REPUBLICA MEXI- 
CANA; below, MORELOS. 

Rev. 50 CENTAVOS within laurel wreath; above, 

1916. 

Edge reeded or plain. Size 29. Copper. 
| Plate XI. 


Two obverse dies were used, as a rubbing was 
once shown me with the eagle’s wings treated in 
fewer and thinner lines. 


128 (45). Twenty Centavos. Obv. Mexican eagle on 
cactus; above, E. L. DE MORELOS. (Free State of 
Morelos); below, wreath of oak and laurel. 

Rev. 20¢ in monogram within laurel wreath; 
above IQI5. 
Edge plain. Size 24 mm. Copper. Plate XI. 


129 Ten Centavos. Obv. Crudely-cut Mexican 
eagle; above, REPUBLICA MEXICANA; below, MOR. 
Rev. Within wreath, 10¢ in monogram; above, 
traces of 1914. 

Size 24 mm. Copper. Zerbe Collection. 


130 Ten Centavos. Obv. Same as No. 129. 
Rev. Same as No. 129, but the date which 
appears to be on a panel has been effaced on the 
die. 
Edge plain. Size 24 mm. Copper. Little Col- 
lection. Plate XI. 


40 THE COINAGE OF THE 


131 Ten Centavos. Obv. Same as No. 129. 
Rev. Same as No. 130, but the date 1915 has 
been cut on a piece set in the die. 
Edge reeded. Size 25 mm. Copper. Hill Col- 
lection. Plate XI. 


These three 10-centavo pieces are very rare. 


132 (47). Ten Centavos. Obv. Mexican eagle on 
cactus; above, REPUBLICA MEXICANA; below, 
wreath of oak and laurel. 

Rev. Within laurel wreath 10 CENTAVOS; above 
in two lines, MoR | 1916. 
Edge plain. Size 28 mm. Copper. Plate XI. 


133 Five Centavos. Obv. Mexican eagle on cac- 
tus; above, REPUBLICA MEXICANA; below, laurel 
wreath. 

Rev. Within laurel wreath 5¢ in monogram; 
above, I9I5. 

Edge plain. Size 19 mm. Copper. Little and 
Zerbe Collections. Plate XII. 


Although this piece has no indication as to where 
it was struck, it probably was issued in Morelos. 


134 Two Centavos. Obv. Mexican eagle on cactus; 
above, E. L. DE MORELOS. 
Rev. 2¢ in monogram within laurel wreath; . 
above, IQI5. 
Edge plain. 23 mm. Copper. Hill Collection. 
Plate XII. 


135 Forty Centavos. 40 within a c in circular 
border of fine dots, forming a punch which was 
used to stamp on the current Mexican 2-centavo 
pieces. Size 25 mm. Copper. Plate XII. 


MEXICAN REVOLUTIONISTS 41 


136 Twenty Centavos. Same as above but 20 in- 
stead of 40 and stamped on the current I-centavo 
pieces. Size 20 mm. Copper. Plate XII. 


It is said that this punch was made at Cuernavaca 
in Morelos. The coins are scarce; the specimens il- 
lustrated are from the Hill and Zerbe Collections. 


137 Twenty Centavos. Obv. Mexican eagle on 
rock in water; below, wreath; above, % REPUBLICA 
% MEXICANA %. ; 

Rev. 20| CENTAVOS | 1915 within wreath; above, 
GRAL ¥%L ®& S. 
Edge plain. Size 27.5 mm. Copper. Plate XII. 


This rare piece in the Landa Collection was 
probably struck in Morelos, but the general who 
caused it to be struck is not known. 


138 Fifty Centavos. Obv. Mexican eagle very 
crudely executed in incuse lines; below, wreath. 
Rev. A large 50; above, ¢; below, a line. All in 
incuse lines. 

Edge plain. Size 28 mm. Copper. Plate XII. 


It has not been ascertained where this and the 
following pieces were struck, but it is supposed 
they were made‘in Morelos. The planchets were 
punched out of sheet metal and the 50-centavo 
piece varies in thickness from 3 mm. to I mm. 


139 Twenty-five Centavos. Obv. Similar to No. 
138. 
Rev. A large 25; above, ¢; below, a line. 
Edge plain. Size 25 mm. Copper. Plate XII. 


42 THE COINAGE OF THE 


140 Twenty cents. Obv. Similar to No. 138, but 
below eagle A. D J. 
Rev. 20¢ in monogram; below, a line. 
Edge plain. Size 19 mm. Copper. Plate XII. 


141 Twenty Centavos. Same, butinbrass. Landa 
Collection. 


142 Twenty Centavos. Obv. A Mexican eagle in 
incuse lines; below, R. M. 
Rev. Above, a large incuse 20; below, ¢. | 
Edge plain. Size 25 mm.; thickness 3 mm. 
_ Brass. 
This rare piece is in the Landa Coll. Plate XII. 


OAXACA ISSUES 


Of all the revolutionary coins, those produced in 
the independent state of Oaxaca, during the govern- 
ship of Jose Inez Davila in 1915, form the most 
extensive series, especially as regards denomina- 
tions and die varieties. Outside of the Mint of 
Mexico City, the only gold that was struck during 
this recent period of disturbance was from the 
Oaxaca mint, where a genuine effort was made to 
provide an adequate coinage to meet all local 
demands. This coinage circulated freely in Oaxaca 
city and the neighborhood. Notwithstanding the 
attempt to keep paper and metallic money on 
something like a parity, the coins were frequently 
melted down, so that the number of pieces in cir- 
culation was never very large. On March 3, 1916, 
the Carranza forces overcame the Oaxaca govern- 
ment, seized and melted down all they could find of 


MEXICAN REVOLUTIONISTS 43 


this coinage, and destroyed the dies and archives, so 
that today these pieces are scarce, especially in the 
United States. The denominations issued were 
as follows: in gold, 60, 20, 10, and 5 pesos; in silver, 
5, 2, and I peso, 50 and 20 centavos; in copper, 
20, 10, 5, 3, and I centavo. As there were various 
changes in designs and sizes, together with frequent 
mulings of obverse and reverse dies, it is claimed 
that a complete set of this Oaxaca issue would 
number about one hundred and fifty varieties. 

Teofilo Monroy, long associated with the old 
mint, was the director of the revolutionary mint, 
and his son Miguel cut the dies, although those for 
the first series of copper coins were made by an 
American resident of the city named De Coe. 
Some of the punches used to make them were those 
found in the old mint. The obverse type, for the 
most part, was of one design—the bust of Benito 
Pablo Juarez facing left, and the inscription Estado 
L. y S. de Oaxaca (Free and Sovereign State of 
Oaxaca) and the date 1915. 

The whole issue bears the date 1915, except the 
60-pesos piece. This coin was made in the early 
part of 1916 shortly before the Carranza forces came 
in, and it is said that partly on this account and 
partly on account of the scarcity of bullion but 
twenty-one were struck. Each piece contained 45 
grammes of pure gold. 

143 (48). Twenty Pesos. Obv. Bust of Jaurez to 
left. Around, ESTADO L. Y S. DE OAXACA %& I9I5 *& 
scalloped border of half circles enclosing half dots. 


44 THE COINAGE OF THE 


Rev. Partly enclosed in oak wreath 20 | pEsos | 
0.175 | ORO; above, MONEDA PROVISIONAL; in 
exergue T. M.; scalloped border of half-circles and 
half-dots. 
Edge reeded. Size 28 mm. Weights, 11.31 to 
12.21 gm. (174% to 188% gr.). Base gold. 

mo Plate XIII. 


144 Twenty Pesos. Obv. Similar, but the tip of the 
bust points toward the date instead of toward 
the star. . 

Rev. Similar to above. 
Edge reeded. 27 mm. Base gold. Plate XIII. 


145 (49). Ten Pesos. Obv. Similar to No. 143, 
except that the border is composed of arcs rather 
than half circles. — 

Rev. Similar to No. 143, except 10 instead of 20. 
Edge reeded. Size 23mm. Specimens examined 
weighed from 6.22 to 6.28 gm. (96 to 97 gr.). 
Base gold. Plate XIII. 


146 (50). Five Pesos. Obv. Similar to No. 143, 
except that the date runs into the coat of Juarez 
and the stars are four-pointed. 

Rev. Similar to No. 143, except 5 instead of 10, 
and a period after PEsos. The border is composed 
of arcs rather than half-circles. : 

Edge reeded. Size19mm. Specimens examined 
weighed 3.34 to 3.79 gm. (5% to 58% gr.). Base 
gold. Plate XIII. 


These four pieces, as the title 0.175 indicates. 
contain very little gold. They present a brassy 


or lemon-colored appearance. The initials T M 
on the reverses of these and most of the other 


MEXICAN REVOLUTIONISTS 45 


coins are for Teofilo Monroy, the director of the 

mint. 

147 (51). Five Pesos. Obv. Similar to No. 143. 
Rev. In centre 5, in circle AG 0.902 AU 0.OIO 
PESOS.; above, MONEDA PROVISIONAL; below, oak 
wreath and T.M. 

Edge reeded. Size 31 mm. Of the several 
pieces examined, the weights vary from 16.62 to 
16.78 gm. (25614 to 259 gr.). Silver. 

Plate XIII. 


148 (52). Five Pesos. Same as No. 147, but-size 
321% mm. and weight 17.30 gm. (267 gr.). One 
obverse and two reverse dies have been noted. 


149 (53). Two Pesos. Obv. Same as No. 145. 
Rev. Similar to No. 147, but 2 in place of 5. 
Edge reeded. Size 22mm. Weights noted vary 
from 5.96 to 6.48 gm. (92 to 100 gr.). Silver. 

Plate XIII. 


Two obverse dies and one reverse have been 
noted, one of the obverse dies being the same as 
used on the 10-peso piece, No. 145. .Proofs in 
copper were also struck. This style of the two- 
peso piece is known as the fourth issue. 


150 (54). Two Pesos. Obv. Sameas No. 149 but no 
punctuation in legend. 
Rev. A pair of scales over scroll of the Constitu- 
tion and a sword in saltire; on the scroll, LEY; 
above, liberty cap in a glory. Around, MONEDA 
PROVISIONAL; below, 2 PESOS. 
Edge, rope pattern. Size 33 mm. The speci- 


46 THE COINAGE OF THE 


mens that have been weighed vary from 14.19 to 
14.77 gm. (219 to 228 gr.). Silver. Plate XIII. 


Two sets of dies have been noticed. This type is 
known as the first issue. 


151 Two Pesos. Obv. Similar to No. 150 but 
periods after L and s in legend. 
Rev. Similar to No. 150 but DOS PESOS instead 
of 2 PESOS. 
Edge plain, or rope pattern. Size 33-34 mm. 
Weight 14.14 gm. (218.2 gr.). Silver. Hill 
Collection. Plate XIII. 


Two obverse and two reverse dies have been noted. 


152 (55). Two Pesos. Obv. Similar, but commas 
after L, s, and end of legend and a period after 
date. 

Rev. Similar to No. 151 but from a new die. 
Edge, rope pattern. Size 34 mm. Weights 
vary from 14 to 14.45 gm. (216-223 gr.). Silver. 


The above pieces are known as the second issue. 


153 (56). Two Pesos. Obv. Similar, but the die 
being intended for a peso piece, the edge of the die 
shows, making a broad confining band outside 
the border of arcs. 

Rev. In centre, 2 PESOS; above, MONEDA PRO- 
VISIONAL; below, oak wreath and T.M. Border 
composed of arcs of circles. 
Edge, rope pattern, size 31 mm. The weights 
of the several pieces examined vary from 15.36 
to 16.98 gm. (237 to 262 gr.). Silver. 

Plate XIII. 


* 


MEXICAN REVOLUTIONISTS 47 


Specimens in copper are also found. This is 
known as the third issue. 


154 Same as above, but cast; the edge, however, is 
reeded. Hill Collection. 


The edges of most of the balance of the series are 
of the rope pattern and consequently will not be 
noted. 


155 (57). Peso. Obv. Same dies as No. 153. 
Rev. Similar to No. 153, but UN PESO instead of 
2 PESOS and without the T. M. 
Size 28 mm. Weight 8.51 gm. (131% gr.). Silver. 


156 (58). Peso. Obv. Same as No. 155. 
Rev. Same as No. 155. 
Size 26 mm. Average weight 7.71 gm. (119 gr.). 
Silver. Plate XIV. 


At least three obverse dies have been noted, one 
of which is the same die as No. 155. Two reverse 
dies were used and on one of these the initials T M 
were added, making three varieties. 


157 Fifty Centavos. Obv. Similar to above but the 
border is composed of dots and curved dashes. 
Rev. Similar to No. 156, but 50 CENTAVOS in 
place of UN PESO. 

Size 28 mm. Weight 12.31 gm. (190 gr.). 
Silver. Hill Collection. Plate XIV. 


This extraordinary piece probably was never 
put into circulation, being nearly three times as 
heavy as the regular issues. The obverse die has 
not been noted combined with any other dies. 


48 THE COINAGE OF THE 


158 (59). Fifty Centavos. Obv. Similar to No. 157. 
Rev. Similar to No. 157. 
Size 22-23 mm. Weight 4.08 to 5.57 gm. (63 
to 86 gr.). Silver. Plate XIV. 


At least five obverse dies are known and two 
_ reverse dies, one with and one without the initials 
TM. The five obverses are illustrated, and marked 


2,-Dy @) se ee 


159 Fifty Centavos. Obv. Sameas No. 158. Diec. 
Rev. Same as No. 158, without T M. 
Edge plain. Weight 2.8 gm. (43.2 gr.). Thick- 
ness I mm. Silver. Hill Collection. 


160 (60). Twenty Centavos. Obv. Similar to above, 
but the die is of the I centavo copper piece, No. 


176. 

Rev. Similar to above but 20 CENTAVOS instead 

of 50. 

Size20mm. 4.31 gm. (66.5 gr.). Silver. Little 

Collection. Plate XIV. 
161 (61). Twenty Centavos. Obv. Similar to No. 

Tay. 

Rev. Similar to No. 160. 

Size 31 mm. Copper. Plate XIV. 


162 Twenty Centavos. Same as No. 161 but 
counterstamped with a radiate liberty cap above 
the 20. Hill Collection. Plate XIV. 


163 (62). Twenty Centavos. Obv. Similar to No. 
161. 
Rev. Similar to No. 161. 
Size 28 mm. Copper. 


MEXICAN REVOLUTIONISTS 49 


The obverse dies of this piece apparently are the 
same ones used for the two-pésos, No. 153 and 
the 20-peso pieces, Nos. 143-144. Two reverse 
dies were used, one with and one without the 
initials T M. 


164 (63). Ten Centavos. Obv. Similar to No. 163, 
but the head of Juarez without modeling and the 
tip of the bust pointed. 

Rev. Same as above, but 10 CENTAVOS. Size 
26 mm. Thick and thin planchets. Copper. 
Plate XIV. 


At least three pairs of dies were used. The 
thick specimens were the first issued and were soon 
melted down. 


165 Ten Centavos. Same as No. 164, but struck 
on a planchet for a 5-centavo piece. 
Edge plain. Size 224% mm. Copper. 


166 (64). Ten Centavos. Obv. Same as No. 156. 
Rev. Similar to No. 164. 
Size 26 mm. Copper. 


Five or more obverse dies were used, several the 
same as used on the peso pieces, and at least three 
reverse dies were made, two dies with the T M and 
one without. 

167 Ten Centavos. Same as No. 166, but counter- 
stamped G V on obverse. This piece, which is 


in the Hill Collection, is said to have been counter- 
stamped for General Vigil. Plate XIV. 


168 Five Centavos. Obv. Upon a raised back- 


50 THE COINAGE OF THE 


ground a three-quarters facing bust of Juarez 
rendered in incuse lines; upon depressed circular 
border in raised letters ESTADO L. Y S. DE OAXACA 
* I9I15 x. 

Rev. Similar to No. 164, but 5 CENTAVOS. 
Size 21 mm. Copper. Little Coll. Plate XIV. 


It has been reported that this was the first die 
cut and it undoubtedly proved unsatisfactory and 
a profile was adopted. The piece is extremely 
rare. 


169 (65). Five Centavos. Obv. Similar to No. 164. 
Rev. Similar to No. 168. 


Thick planchet. Size 24 mm. Copper. This 
piece belongs to the first issue. 


170 (66). Five Centavos. Obv. Same as No. 169. 
Rev. Same as No. 169. 
Thin planchet. Size22mm. Copper. Plate XV. 


Two obverse dies have been noted. 


171 (67). Five Centavos. Obv. Same as No. 158. 
Rev. Same as No. 169. 
Thin planchet, 22-23 mm. Copper. Plate XV. 


The obverse dies are the same as used on the 
50 centavos as well as on the 10 pesos and small 
2 pesos (Nos. 149 and 145). And at least three re- 
verse dies were used, with and without the initials 
T M. 


172 (68). Three Centavos. Obv. ESTADO | L.Y S. 
DE | OAXACA I9I5 | in rectangular frame. A five- 
pointed star in each corner. 


MEXICAN REVOLUTIONISTS 51 


Rev. PROVISIO | NAL. TRES | CENTAVOS | .—TM—. 

A five-pointed star in each corner. 

Rectangular 24 x 16mm. Plain edge. Copper. 
Plate XV. 


This and No. 175 were makeshifts while other 
dies were being prepared, and very few of them 
were put into circulation. 


173 (69). Three Centavos. Obv. Similar to the 5- 
peso piece No. 146, but with a border of half 
circles and dots, as No. 144. 

Rev. Similar to above, but in centre a large, 
flat-topped 3; below, CENTAVos. The N is retro- 
grade. Border of half circles. 

Size 20 mm. Copper. Plate XV. 


174 (70). Three Centavos. Obv. Same as No. 173. 
Rev. Similar, but the 3 is smaller and with a 
round top. TM added above wreath. 

Size 20 mm. Copper. Plate XV. 


This obverse die was originally intended for the 
5-peso piece, No. 146, but was too large. 


fei )e Centavo. Obv. Similar to No. 172, 
but inscription in three lines, the date being 
omitted. Dotted instead of linear border, and 
no stars in the corners. 

Rev. Inscription in three lines instead of four as 
on the 3-centavo piece, the T M being omitted. 
The word UN is substituted for TREs. 
Rectangular, 9 x 13 mm. Plain edge. Copper. 
Plate XV. 


176 (72). Centavo. Obv. Same as the silver 20- 
centavo piece No. 160. 


52 THE COINAGE OF THE 


Rev. Similar to No. 160, but large 1¢ in mono- 
gram in centre. 
Thick. Size 18 mm. Copper. Plate XV. 


177 (73). Centavo. Obv. and Rev. Same as No. 
176. 
Thick and thin planchets. Sizet9mm. Copper. 


There were two sets of dies used in making these 
pieces. 

Judging from the only example of the coinage for 
the next year, the issues for 1916 would have been 
equally extensive, and in all probability of better 
workmanship, if the Davila government had re- 
mained in power at Oaxaca. As it happened, the 
Free and Sovereign State of Oaxaca closed its 
numismatic existence with probably the most 
interesting as well as best executed specimen of the 
revolutionary coins. 


178 (74). Sixty Pesos. Obv. In centre, within an 
open wreath of olive and oak, an undraped bust 
of Juarez facing left. Surrounding this the legend: 
ESTADO L. Y S. DE OAXACA—60 PESOS ORO. Orna- 
mented border. 

Rev. In centre, a pair of scales over scroll of the 
Constitution and a sword in saltire; on the scroll, 
LEY; above, liberty cap in glory. Around, 
REPUBLICA MEXICANA—902.7 %& T.M. %& 1916. 
Ornamented_ border. 

Edge reeded. Size 39 mm. Weight 50 gm. (772 
gr.). Gold. Plate XV. 


Copper impressions with plain edge are known. 


MEXICAN REVOLUTIONISTS 53 


MEXICO STATE 


TOLUCA 


Although the two pieces listed under this state 
are not metallic they are considered of sufficient 
interest to be included in this list. 


179 Five Centavos. Obv. In centre, coat of arms 
partly enclosed within a wreath; under the shield 
in small letters torsea; above, ESTADO LIBRE 
Y SOBERANO DE MEXICO; below, TOLUCA. 

Rev. In centre, a large 5, across which on scroll, 
CENTAVOS; ornaments at sides; above, CIRCULARA 
CONFORME AL DECRETO N: 4 DE; and below + III. 
1.915. + Size27mm. 2mm.thick. Plate XV. 


The whole is stamped intaglio on grey book- 
binders’ pressboard, and is somewhat rare. 


TEXCOCO 


180 Centavo. In 1915 there was an issue from 
this town in reddish terracotta, size 15 mm. and 3 
mm. thick. A specimen is owned by a collector 
in Mexico City. 


& 


a 


at 
ely 


Plate | 


Per) re “ 
as S 
ae 


COINAGE OF MEXICAN REVOLUTIONISTS. 


Plate Il 


COINAGE OF MEXICAN REVOLUTIONISTS. 


A 


I 


id 


MES 4 


ie 


Plate IIl 


. ‘ om 
; ‘ 
'- « 
' , 
4 f 
J s 
ta, : ie .* 
R 
es ‘ + i 
AAG 
DARAL ELV LES Abe 
nr 
= 
: : 
/ 
ae 
. 
; . } ia 5 


COINAGE OF MEXICAN REVOLUTIONISTS. 


Plate IV 


COINAGE OF MEXICAN 


COINAGE OF MEXICAN REVOLUTIONISTS, 


Plate VI 


ve » e 
won Ome eth 


COINAGE OF MEXICAN REVOLUTIONISTS. 


sh Caan 


ie, 


(oe 
a 


Plate VII 


o 
* 
2 
© 
e 
. 
7 


Cer ones 


r 


COINAGE OF MEXICAN REVOLUTIONISTS. 


—_— 


Plate VIII 


” 
piae™, 


. 

$. 

a 
~. 
®, 


98 


ii 


COINAGE OF MEXICAN REVOLUTIONISTS. 


101 


105 


. i dias 


Plate IX 


107 


108 


109 


an 


a 


- 
‘ 


COINAGE OF MEXICAN REVOLUTIONISTS. 


COINAGE OF MEXICAN REVOLUTIONISTS. 


Plate XI 


127 


' j aa 
ae a ee en ee ee ae 


i. ii 


COINAGE OF MEXICAN REVOLUTIONISTS. 


133 


134 


Plate XII 


COINAGE OF MEXICAN REVOLUTIONISTS. 


Plate XIII 


150 


151 


153 


' 


oe 


. 
— 


e 


COINAGE OF MEXICAN REVOLUTIONISTS. 


= 


PALS <= 


‘Eb tt sty 


cans 
- 
4 
’ 
4 
- 
4 ‘ 
tae 


r 


oo 
<a 


owe 

a ; 

* 
“ewer” 


* =, 
- 
Pare. 
Oe Ra pack 


COINAGE OF MEXICAN REVOLUTIONISTS. 


170 eae 


MESPADO 3 
VA? S:,.. 
LOARACA. 

bs Bis i 4h, 


172 


SSTADOS 
F (Yo. DYE: 


Plate XV 


178 


te een 

a* “s 
all oa Q aes 
J 


“ 


i+ 
eo ae 


NuMIsMATIC NOTES AND MONOGRAPHS = 


1. Sydney P. Noe. Coin Hoards, 1921. 47 PP. 
6pls. 50c. d 

4, Howland Wood. The Mexican Bevalutionary 
Coinage. 1913-1916. 1921. 44 pp. 26 pls. 
$2.00. os 

6. Agnes Baldwin. Five Roman Gold Medallions. © 
1921. 103 pp. 8pls. $1.50. 

7. Sydney P. Noe. Medallic Work of A. A. Wein- | 
man. 1921. 31 pp. 17 pls. $1.00. 

8. Gilbert S. Perez. The Mint of the Philippine 
Islands. 1921. 8pp. 4pls. 50c. 

9. David Eugene Smith, LL.D. Computing Jetons. 
1921, 70 pp. 25 pls, . $1.50. ; 

10. Edward T. Newell. The First Seleucid Coinage 
of Tyre. 1921. 40 pp. 8 pls. $1.00. 

ll. Harrold E. Gillingham. French Orders and 
Decorations. 1922. 110 pp. 35 pls. $2.00. 

12. Howland Wood. Gold Dollars of 1858. 1922. 
1 po 2 ple, °50e. 

__13. R. B. Whitehead. Pre- Llc oman Coinage of 
Pea ; : 15 pis. $2.00. 


istes (A Contribution to 
a 239225 1234) one 33 


emorative Coinage of 
63 pp. 7 pls. $1.50: 


nan Bronze Medallions. 
$1.50. 

galpa Coinage of 1823. 
50c. 

ander Hoards—II. De- 
162 pp. 8pls. $2.50. 
talian Orders of Chivalry 
ur. 1923. 146 pp. 34 


NuMISMATIC NOTES AND MONOGRAPHS 
(Continued) 


21. Edward ‘T.. Newell. Alexander sHomeiaaaean 
Andritsaena. 1924. 39 pp. 6pls. $1.00. 
22. C. T. Seltman. A Hoard from Side. 1924. 20 
pp. 3pls. $1.00. 
23. R. B. Seager. A Cretan Coin Hoard. 1924. 55 
- pp. 12 pls. $2.00... 
24. Samuel R. Milbank. The Coinage of Aegina. 
. 1925. 66pp. Spls. $2.00. 
25. Sydney P. Noe. A Bibliography of Greek Coin 
Hoards. 1925. 275 pp. $2.50. bin 
26. Edward T. Newell. Mithradates of Parthia and 
Hyspaosines of Characene. 1925. 18 pp. 2 pls. 
50c. 
27. Sydney P. Noe. The Mende (Kaliandra) Hoard 
1926. 73 pp. 10 pls. $2.00. 
28. Agnes Baldwin. Four Medallions from the Arras 
Hoard. 1926. 36 pp. 4 pls. $1.50. . 
29. H. Alexander Parsons. The Earliest Coins of 
Norway. 1926. 41 pp. 50c. 
30. Edward T. Newell. Some Unpublished Coins of 
) Eastern Dynasts. 1926. 21 pp. 2 pls. 50c. 
31. Harrold E. Gillingham. Spanish Orders of Chival- — 
ry and Decorations of Honour. 1926. 165 pp. 
40 pls. $3.00. : id 
32. Sydney P. Noe. The Coinage of Metapontum. 
| 1927 (Part I). 134 pp. 23 pls. $3.00. 
33. Edward T. Newell. Two Recent Egyptian 
Hoards—Delta and Keneh. 1927. 34 pp. 
3 pls. $1.00. 
34. Edward Rogers. The Second and Third Seleucid 
Coinage of Tyre. 1927. 33 pp. 4pls. $1.50. 
35. Alfred R. Bellinger, The Anonymous Byzantine 
Bronze Coinage. 1928. 27 pp. 4 pls. $1.50. 
36. Harrold E. Gillingham. Notes on the Decorations 
and Medals of the French Colonies and Pro- 
tectorates. 1928. 62 pp. 31 pls. $2.00. 
37, Oscar Ravel. The “Colts” of Subeens 1928. 
180 pp. 19 pls. $3.00. 


